Tissue engineering

1998 Hopes: Artificial tissues and organs seemed imminent when the FDA approved -Apligraf, a skin substitute made of living cells.
What Followed: Artificial organs turned out to be far more difficult than expected. Organogenesis, Apligraf’s maker, filed for bankruptcy protection in 2002.
Today: Organogenesis is out of bankruptcy and thriving. Tissue engineering has evolved into the broader field of regenerative medicine, which includes stem cells.